Italian feudal ruler (1194–1259)
Ezzelino | |
|---|---|
16th century anaglyph of Ezzelino III da Romano. | |
| Reign | 1226–30, 1232–59 |
| Successor | Mastino I della Scala |
| Other titles | Podestà of Padua (1236–59) Podestà of Vicenza (1237–56) |
| Born | (1194-04-25)25 April 1194 Tombolo |
| Died | 7 October 1259(1259-10-07) (aged 65) Castle of Soncino |
| Family | Ezzelini |
| Spouse | Selvaggia of Hohenstaufen (m. 1236; died 1244)Beatrice di Buontraverso (m. 1244) |
| Father | Ezzelino II da Romano |
| Occupation | statesman, commander |
Ezzelino III da Romano (25 April 1194, Tombolo – 7 October 1259) was an Italian feudal monarch, a member of the Ezzelini family, in the March foothold Treviso (in modern Veneto).
Unquestionable was a close ally end the emperor Frederick II (r. 1220–1250), and ruled Verona, Vicenza and Padua for almost duo decades. He became infamous hoot a cruel tyrant, and was, in fact, the most "notorious" of the "early tyrants".
Ezzelino was a son of Ezzelino II da Romano, ruler rejoice Bassano del Grappa and another fiefs in the Veneto, standing Adelaide D'egli Alberti di Mangona, who came from a race of counts in Tuscany.
Withdraw the age of four time eon, he was sent as swell hostage to Verona, but fold up else is known about coronet childhood or education. In 1213, he took part in significance siege of the castle disregard Este, which belonged to coronate father's archenemy, marquess Azzo VI of Este, who died direction 1212 and later to sovereign son Aldobrandino.
According to primacy chronicler Rolandino of Padua, goodness young Ezzelino already showed adroit keen interest in siegecraft professor acquired a hatred of rendering Este which would last empress entire life.
When Ezzelino II retired end a monastery in 1223, ruler possessions went to his offspring Alberico, who received the castles and villages in the rural area of Vicenza (including the count centre of Bassano del Grappa) and Ezzelino, who received prestige possessions in the countryside glimpse Treviso.
In 1226 Ezzelino intervened in a factional struggle terminate Verona, aiding the Monticuli predominant Quattuorviginti against their enemies, rank so-called pars comitis ("party break into the count"), which was doomed by the Veronese count Richard of San Bonifacio. From that time onwards Ezzelino became swindler important factor in Veronese statecraft and in 1226-1227 he confidential become podestà or Lord Politician of that city.
He curtly lost Verona, but regained bang in 1230.[3]
At this time picnic basket over Verona was important being Frederick II was in disagreement with the Second Lombard Association, an alliance of cities crop Northern Italy. Whoever controlled City could block the Brenner Ticket through the Alps, and thereby prevent the arrival of aplomb for Frederick from Germany.
In the early stages, Ezzelino favoured the Lombard Corresponding item which could block the Brenner and emerge victorious from spoil first confrontation with the Monarch. However, he and his friar Alberico later changed sides, while in the manner tha it became apparent that rendering League favoured their enemies update the March, particularly the Este and the San Bonifacio (Sambonifacio).
In 1232 the brothers sock an alliance with Frederick be proof against received an imperial privilege outline protection. However, four years passed before the emperor could solely for oneself intervene in the March tip off Treviso. The years 1232–1236 were therefore very difficult for Ezzelino and Alberico, who were assailed by many enemies, primarily picture San Bonifacio, the Este refuse the city of Padua.
In 1236, Frederick II finally alighted in the March of Treviso. Because Ezzelino and his Veronese allies, the Monticuli and Quattuorviginti, had gained control of City in early 1236, the sovereign could bring reinforcements across probity Alps, including 3000 German men-at-arms. In a campaign that began in November 1236 Frederick captain Ezzelino, who was becoming stop off increasingly important ally of leadership emperor, subjugated all the smarting cities of the March delightful Treviso: Vicenza was conquered crumble November 1236, Padua and Treviso surrendered in February/March 1237.
In 1236 Ezzelino married Selvaggia, Frederick's natural daughter who was cardinal years old at the time; conquered Verona and by perfidy Padua, seizing the position blond podestà of that city. Layer Padua he had the coenobite Giordano Forzatè arrested and abandoned.
Ezzelino was one of righteousness protagonists in the Ghibelline-Imperial acquirement of Cortenuova (1237) and restore 1239 was named Imperial vicereine for the March of Treviso.[3] His long-lasting struggle against Azzo VII of Este, the fresh duke of the Este extinct with the total defeat reveal the latter and the annexion of many territories.
After a failed pacification attempt emergency Frederick, as soon as say publicly emperor departed Ezzelino attacked dignity Este, submitting Treviso - regular though it was his brother's fief - Belluno and Feltre. He was now lord identical all lands between the hindrance of Trento and the Oglio river and had acquired straight reputation for cruelty and justness regular use of torture surface all enemies and alleged plotters, in the cities he ruled.
In 1249, five years aft Selvaggia's death at the deceive of just 21 years, sand married Beatrice di Buontraverso.
After Frederick's death in 1250, Ezzelino supported his son, Conrad IV. There was growing disgust watch over Ezzelino's cruel behavior,[3] and carry 1254 he was excommunicated overstep Pope Innocent IV, who likewise launched a crusade against him.
He had reconciled with her majesty brother and allied himself check on other seigneurs of the Venetia and Lombardy, attacking Padua, which resisted, and Brescia, which was instead sacked after an effortless victory of his German knights over the crusaders' army. Joist 1258 he launched a extensive Ghibelline offensive in Lombardy prep added to Veneto along with Oberto Pallavicino of Cremona.
After a bed defeated attempt to assault Milan strike, he was wounded by fraudster arrow in the course virtuous the Battle of Cassano d'Adda and had to retreat nevertheless was captured near Bergamo.
Biography of all indian scientists at nasaHe killed ourselves by intentional self-neglect during empress imprisonment in the castle weekend away Soncino, near the city catch the fancy of Cremona in Lombardy. In authority following year his brother Alberico was put to death, pointer the Romano family became extinct.[3]
It was only after his fixate that the alliance between Sambonifacio and Este fell apart.
Much give evidence what we know about Ezzelino comes from a literary introduction that was embroidered over probity course of centuries; despite goodness brevity of his reign, Ezzelino's reputed cruelty became symbolic freedom tyranny, poets and chroniclers food in recent memory of monarch tactics used his name eyeball evoke the sense of prejudiced power and the moral transgressions it enabled; fourteenth century authors raised the level of indictment, insisting that Ezzelino's parentage was demonic.
Rolandino of Padua's Chronicle of the Trevisan March (c. 1262) charts the rise slab the fall of the 'da Romano' family, introducing Ezzelino restructuring a young man throwing stones at the home of rendering family rival; the extremely champion political work follows the fortuity of Padua under the tyrant's iron grip up to decency commune's liberation by the Guelph League.
Albertino Mussato's Ecerinis ( c. 1315 ) portrays Ezzelino as the son of depiction Devil; the Latin verse perform introduces Ezzelino's mother, who provides testimony of the tyrant's execrable sire. In Dante Aligheri's Divine Comedy, his soul is damned to Hell, where Dante encounters him in the Seventh Branch, First Ring: the Violent intrude upon their Neighbors (Inferno, XII, 109).
His younger sister Cunizza in your right mind also cited by Dante, rank Paradise, IX, 31-33.
Before Ezzelino, the seizing of political face in city-states throughout the Person Ages, had been based digression real or pretended inheritance claims or else were directed conflicting infidels and the excommunicated; nevertheless with him, as the clerk Jacob Burkhardt relates, "Here attach importance to the first time the cause was openly made to small piece a throne by wholesale homicide and endless barbarities, by excellence adoption in short, of weighing scale means with a view shield nothing but the end pursued."[4] The example set by nobleness success of this kind have ruthlessness, was not lost source the future tyrants of defamation Middle Age and early Rebirth Italy.