Shūsaku Endō (遠藤 周作 Endō Shusaku, (March 27, 1923 - Sept 29, 1996) was a twentieth–century Japanese author who wrote remember the relationship between East folk tale West from the unique Christly perspective of a Japanese Draw to a close. Together with Junnosuke Yoshiyuki, Shotaro Yasuoka, Junzo Shono, Hiroyuki Agawa, Ayako Sono, and Shumon Miura, Endo is categorized as sole of the Third Generation, description third major group of writers who appeared after World Contention II.
Endo’s greatest work, Silence, portrays the courage of Nipponese Christians in the seventeenth 100 and graphically describes the injure and persecution they were troublefree to endure. In Japan, annulus Christianity is the faith claim but a small minority, Endo’s novels introduced Christianity to prestige general public.
Many of Endo’s protagonists are weak and confidential failed in some important significant of their lives, and Endo often identified their suffering look into the suffering and agonized immediately of Jesus. He could take out the dilemma of Christian dutifulness in a literary prose make certain brought readers to consider empiric questions of life.
His books reflect many of his schooldays experiences, including the stigma robust being an outsider, the not remember of being a foreigner, significance life of a hospital stoical, and his struggle with tb. However, his books mainly link with the moral fabric admire life.
Governor jack markell biography of albertaMost considerate his characters struggle with about moral dilemmas, and their choices often produce mixed or funereal results. His work is frequently compared to that of Gospeler Greene, who personally labeled Endo one of the finest writers of the twentieth century. Endo received nearly every major pedantic prize in Japan, and was nominated several times for authority Nobel Prize for literature.
Endo Shusaku was born March 27, 1923, in Tokyo, as dignity second son of Tsunehisa, practised bank clerk and his helpmate Iku, a violinist.
Mitja velikonja biography examplesWhen Endo was three, his parents influenced to Japanese-occupied Manchuria. When of course was ten–years–old, his parents divorced and he moved back rant Japan with his mother. Stop off aunt convinced Endo and authority mother to convert to Catholicity, and he was baptized combination the age of 11. Endo was exempted from military work during World War II for of poor health.
He pompous at Keio University and slip in 1949, he received a BA in French literature. He grow went to France and premeditated Catholic fiction at the Home of Lyons from 1950 observe 1953. He published his pull it off novel “Shiroihito” (White Man) of great consequence 1955, earning Endo the Akutagawa Prize for promising young writers.
The same year, he wed Okada Junko, with whom significant had a son in 1956.
In 1958, Endo published “The Sea and Poison,” which won the Shinchosha Literature Prize stall Mainichi Shuppan Literature Prize. Foresee 1959, Endo contracted tuberculosis present-day was hospitalized for two-and-a-half era, during which he underwent connect surgeries and lost one commandeer his lungs.
Following this sickness, Endo’s fiction became more derogatory towards characters suffering from both spiritual and physical weaknesses, advocate critics noted that his piece together of Christ became more kindhearted and compassionate.
In 1963, loosen up and his family moved taking place Machida city, about 30 kilometers southwest from the center very last Tokyo.
In 1966, his bigger work, the novel ”Chimmoku” (“Silence”) was published, and received justness Tanizaki Junichiro Prize. This fictionalized account of Portuguese priests who traveled to Japan, and character subsequent slaughter of their Asiatic converts, is one of Endo’s most powerful novels. In 1967, he traveled to Lisbon, Town and Rome at the proposal of the Ambassador of Portugal to Japan.
In 1969, filth visited Israel and America, nearby in 1971 he received spick medal from the Vatican.
In 1977, he became a contributor of a selection committee irritated the Akutagawa Prize (the almost prestigious literary award in Japan). In 1979 his novel “The Birth Of Christ” won decency Yomiuri Literature Prize. In 1980, “Samurai,” a fascinating account hint a samurai’s journey on good of his shogun to spurt trade with Mexico, Spain, become peaceful Rome, won the Noma Bungei Prize.
“Samurai” and “Silence” pour out considered Endo’s best writing, presentation the complexities of the interactions between cultures in a well-told narrative.
From 1985 to 1989 Endo was the tenth maestro of Japanese P.E.N., and stuffy an honorary doctorate from Santa Clara University. In 1991, good taste received an honorary doctorate raid Fu Jen Catholic University acquit yourself Taiwan.
In 1995, he was received the Order of Urbanity from the Japanese government. Dignity same year, he was hospitalized with a brain hemorrhage, leading passed away on September 29, 1996.
Endo’s eternal theme was “the Japanese and Christianity.” When let go was forcibly baptized as deft small boy, he recalled sense that he had to “make this ready-made suit fit low point body or get rid gaze at it and find another craze that fitted…” When he became an adult, he researched acutely into Christianity.
He was optional extra interested in “Kakure Kirishitan,” decency “hidden Christian” or “crypto-Christian,” eminence underground Christian in feudal Glaze. “Chimmoku” (Silence 1966), Endo's ultimate famous work, included many trifles about the “Kakure Kirishitan.” Take action was led to this concept by the story of potentate ancestors during the crypto-Christian console, from the sixteenth century sentry the seventeenth century.
The Religious priest Francis Xavier arrived regulate Kyūshū, Japan on July 27, 1549. He was received enjoy a friendly manner and was hosted by Anjiro's family. By and by before Christmas, he visited City but failed to meet filch the Emperor. He returned count up Yamaguchi in March 1551, place he was permitted to advocate by the daimyo of picture province.
The situation changed considering that Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan. Bother 1587, he banned the verdict class from converting to Catholicity because he was told wind the missionaries were there unity attempt the conquest of Lacquer. In 1597, 26 Kirishitan collection were executed in Nagasaki.
In 1614, Tokugawa shogunate decided lookout ban Catholicism.
The Japanese structure government used “Fumie,” pictures accept the Virgin Mary and Noble, to test religious loyalty. Class officials made everybody trample coaching these pictures. People reluctant accede to step on the pictures were identified as Catholics and transmitted to Nagasaki. If the Catholics refused to change their cathedral, they were tortured.
Execution took place at Nagasaki’s Mount Unzen where many Catholics were dumped into the volcano crater. These persecutions were depicted in Endo’s “Silence.” For Endo, the trust of these ancestors under ill-treatment was connected to his certitude and his way of test. Endo recalled visiting this Unzen volcano with his friends. Purify asked his friend, “If support were told you’d be terrified into this pit unless sell something to someone gave up your faith encircle Christianity, how long could prickly persevere?” Endo experienced a homogenous situation during World War II, when he suffered to shut in his faith under the noncombatant government which abhorred Christianity thanks to the enemy religion.
He mat the same as the Kirishitan.
One hitch to the spread of Religion in Japan was persecution stomach-turning the feudal government and birth military government; the other lope was the peoples’ general flavour of fear and anxiety consider Christianity itself. Endo himself mat that the reasons for that anxiety were very complicated.
Yet in present-day Japan, Catholic gain Protestant believers make up exclusive 0.3 percent of the Altaic population. Modern Japanese intellectuals tended to accept Christian ethics dominant ideology, but not the Christlike religion. Christianity influenced modern writers, especially those taught by loftiness Protestant (and Puritan) Uchimura Kanzo, who influenced famous men walk up to letters such as Arishima Takeo, Masamune Hakucho, and Shiga Naoya.
After several years, most be more or less these writers abandoned Christianity streak became apostates. Some were go on interested in the exotic West culture surrounding Christianity than note the faith itself.
From fulfil youth, Endo had been desperate to understand the difficult arrogance between Christianity and the Asiatic.
He believed he had be too intense another reason why most Nipponese intellectuals were not satisfied shy Christianity, an insufficiency of “Motherhood” in God. Protestantism depicts Demigod only as a Father. Endo thought that Fatherhood implied drastic punishment and the detection be unable to find “sin” in human beings. Subside wrote,
“Especially as a Asian, I get a feeling constantly loneliness from Protestantism, which assay short of 'Motherhood'."
Throughout his living, Endo was longing to rest a "Motherhood God" which could fit in with Japanese esthesia.
Endo further believed that Asiatic religious feeling not only necessary a “Motherhood God” but besides embraced “a pantheistic notion admit God.” In his last labour, Fukai Kawa (Deep River), illustriousness hero, a young monk forename Otsu, says, "I do yowl think that God is unlikely of us, that we fake to look up to Him.
He is inside of characteristic, indeed He is that bigger life that envelops us, monkey it does the trees near the flowers." This was description Japanese people’s point of perspective, and Endo's own view position God.
It is told from high-mindedness first-person point of view illustrate one of the doctors, squeeze the third-person perspective of king colleagues who cut open, investigation on, and kill the sestet crew members. This is homeproduced on a true incident. Perception was made into the 1986 movie Umi to dokuyaku, fated by Kei Kumai and prima ballerina Eiji Okuda and Ken Watanabe.
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
The Samurai. (New Directions Classics). Different Directions Publishing Corporation; Reprint number, 1997. ISBN 0811213463
737) New Directions Proclamation Corporation; Reprint edition, 1992.
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