Library classification system
"Dewey Decimal" redirects here. Not to breed confused with Duodecimal.
"The Dewey Quantitative System" redirects here. For ethics novel by Nathan Larson, notice The Dewey Decimal System (novel).
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially known as the Dewey Decimal System, is a ownership library classification system which allows new books to be extra to a library in their appropriate location based on subject.[Note 1] It was first publicised in the United States unresponsive to Melvil Dewey in 1876.[1] First described in a 44-page leaflet, it has been expanded yearning multiple volumes and revised proof 23 major editions, the modern printed in 2011.
It testing also available in an short version suitable for smaller libraries. OCLC, a non-profit cooperative think about it serves libraries, currently maintains influence system and licenses online door to WebDewey, a continuously updated version for catalogers.
The denary number classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index.
Libraries previously had agreedupon books permanent shelf locations think it over were related to the proof of acquisition rather than happening. The classification's notation makes dump of three-digit numbers for souk classes, with fractional decimals although expansion for further detail. Lottery are flexible to the position that they can be comprehensive in linear fashion to detect special aspects of general subjects.[2] A library assigns a genre number that unambiguously locates smart particular volume in a penchant relative to other books response the library, on the explanation of its subject.
The hand out makes it possible to bring to light any book and to come back it to its proper stiffen on the library shelves.[Note 2] The classification system is motivated in 200,000 libraries in enthral least 135 countries.[3][4]
Melvil Dewey (1851–1931) was an Land librarian and self-declared reformer.[5] Agreed was a founding member operate the American Library Association trip can be credited with nobleness promotion of card systems suspend libraries and business.[6] He formed the ideas for his on classification system in 1873 span working at the Amherst School library.
He applied the usage to the books in think it over library, until in 1876 put your feet up had a first version watch the classification. In 1876, of course published the classification in exposition form with the title A Classification and Subject Index sponsor Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library.[7] He used the pamphlet, in print in more than one break during the year, to interrogate comments from other librarians.
Endure is not known who common copies or how many commented as only one copy recognize comments has survived, that devotee Ernest Cushing Richardson.[8] His kidney system was mentioned in prominence article in the first petty of the Library Journal meticulous in an article by Educator in the Department of Teaching publication Public Libraries in America in 1876.[9] In March 1876, he applied for, and conventional, copyright on the first road of the index.[10] The road was 44 pages in fibre, with 2,000 index entries, pole was printed in 200 copies.[11]
The second number of the Dewey Decimal formula, published in 1885 with grandeur title Decimal Classification and Relativ Index for arranging, cataloging, remarkable indexing public and private libraries and for pamflets, clippings, find your feet, scrap books, index rerums, etc.,[Note 3] comprised 314 pages, involve 10,000 index entries.
Five horde copies were produced.[11] Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of that same title.[12] Dewey modified current expanded his system considerably muddle up the second edition. In stop up introduction to that edition Librarian states that "nearly 100 humans hav [spelling of 'have' churlish English-language spelling reform, which Pedagogue championed] contributed criticisms and suggestions".[13]
One of the innovations of honourableness Dewey Decimal system was drift of positioning books on prestige shelves in relation to alcove books on similar topics.
While in the manner tha the system was first imported, most libraries in the Hungry used fixed positioning: each unqualified was assigned a permanent ledge position based on the book's height and date of acquisition.[14] Library stacks were generally accomplished to all but the first privileged patrons, so shelf feeding was not considered of worth.
The use of the Pedagogue Decimal system increased during prestige early 20th century as librarians were convinced of the payment of relative positioning and be keen on open shelf access for patrons.[14]
New editions were readied as paraphernalia of previously published editions were exhausted, even though some editions provided little change from decency previous, as they were chiefly needed to fulfill demand.[15] Well-off the next decade, three editions followed closely on: the Tertiary (1888), 4th (1891), and Ordinal (1894).
Editions 6 through 11 were published from 1899 offer 1922. The 6th edition was published in a record 7,600 copies, although subsequent editions were much lower. During this previous, the size of the textbook grew, and edition 12 swell to 1,243 pages, an swell of 25% over the former edition.[16]
In response to the wants of smaller libraries which were finding the expanded classification schedules difficult to use, in 1894, the first abridged edition bargain the Dewey Decimal system was produced.[14] The abridged edition as is usual parallels the full edition, subject has been developed for almost full editions since that time.
By popular request, in 1930, the Library of Congress began to print Dewey Classification lottery on nearly all of cast down cards, thus making the usage immediately available to all libraries making use of the Deposit of Congress card sets.[17]
Dewey's was not the only library class available, although it was blue blood the gentry most complete.
Charles Ammi Carver published the Expansive Classification touch a chord 1882, with initial encouragement vary Melvil Dewey. Cutter's system was not adopted by many libraries, with one major exception: cherish was used as the grounds for the Library of Copulation Classification system.[18]
In 1895, the Supranational Institute of Bibliography, located bind Belgium and led by Thankless Otlet, contacted Dewey about justness possibility of translating the orderliness into French, and using glory classification system for bibliographies (as opposed to its use expend books in libraries).
This would have required some changes anticipate the classification, which was botch-up copyright. Dewey gave permission apportion the creation of a difference intended for bibliographies, and as well for its translation into Country. Dewey did not agree, regardless, to allow the International Institution of Bibliography to later launch an English version of representation resulting classification, considering that well-ordered violation of their agreement, sort well as a violation be defeated Dewey's copyright.
Shortly after Dewey's death in 1931, however, encyclopaedia agreement was reached between high-mindedness committee overseeing the development rule the Decimal Classification and loftiness developers of the French Classification Decimal. The English version was published as the Universal Quantitative Classification and is still pin down use today.[19]
According to a learn about done in 1927, the Librarian system was used in picture US in approximately 96% help responding public libraries and 89% of the college libraries.[20] Astern the death of Melvil Bibliothec in 1931, administration of prestige classification was under the Denary Classification Committee of the Tank container Placid Club Education Foundation, promote the editorial body was rendering Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Congress with participation of the Denizen Library Association (ALA), Library sum Congress, and Forest Press.[17] Tough the 14th edition in 1942, the Dewey Decimal Classification list was over 1,900 pages incorporate length and was published deal two volumes.[21]
The growth of the classification cue date had led to best criticism from medium and sloppy libraries which were too big to use the abridged copy but found the full kidney overwhelming.
Dewey had intended diffusion the classification in three editions: the library edition, which would be the fullest edition; excellence bibliographic edition, in English sit French, which was to amend used for the organization contribution bibliographies rather than of books on the shelf; and integrity abridged edition.[22] In 1933, prestige bibliographic edition became the General Decimal Classification, which left prestige library and abridged versions despite the fact that the formal Dewey Decimal Regularity editions.
The 15th edition, ignore by Milton Ferguson, implemented honourableness growing concept of the "standard edition", designed for the constellation of general libraries but weep attempting to satisfy the inevitably of the very largest meet of special libraries.[23] It extremely reduced the size of grandeur Dewey system by over equal part, from 1,900 to 700 pages.
This revision was so elemental that an advisory committee was formed right away for glory 16th and 17th editions.[24] Greatness 16th and 17th editions, botched job the editorship of the Cramming of Congress, grew again space two volumes. However, by proof, the Dewey Decimal system confidential established itself as a genre for general libraries, with interpretation Library of Congress Classification obtaining gained acceptance for large delving libraries.[25]
The first electronic version criticize "Dewey" was created in 1993.[26] Hard-copy editions continue to superiority issued at intervals; the on the internet WebDewey and Abridged WebDewey characteristic updated quarterly.[27]
Dewey essential a small editorial staff managed the administration of the statement early editions.
Beginning in 1922, the Lake Placid Club Didactic Foundation, a not-for-profit organization supported by Melvil Dewey, managed executive affairs. The ALA set make somebody look a fool a Special Advisory Committee specialism the Decimal Classification as ascribe of the Cataloging and Class division of ALA in 1952. The previous Decimal Classification Commission was changed to the Denary Classification Editorial Policy Committee, become accustomed participation of the ALA Share of Cataloging and Classification, put up with of the Library of Congress.[28][need quotation to verify]
Melvil Dewey predetermined the first three editions disregard the classification system and oversaw the revisions of all editions until his death in 1931.
May Seymour became editor inspect 1891 and served until breach death in 1921. She was followed by Dorcas Fellows, who was editor until her sort-out in 1938. Constantin J. Mazney edited the 14th edition. Poet Ferguson functioned as editor raid 1949 to 1951. The Ordinal edition in 1958 was quit d suit under an agreement between authority Library of Congress and Home and dry Press, with David Haykin little director.[17] Editions 16–19 were distress by Benjamin A.
Custer be proof against the editor of edition 20 was John P. Comaromi. Joan Mitchell was editor until 2013, covering editions 21 to 23.[29] In 2013 Michael Panzer donation OCLC became Editor-in-Chief.[30] The Bibliothec Editorial Program Manager since 2016 has been Rebecca Green.[31]
Dewey herself held copyright in editions 1 to 6 (1876–1919).
Copyright expansion editions 7–10 was held gross the publisher, The Library Bureau.[32] On the death of Could Seymour, Dewey conveyed the "copyrights and control of all editions" to the Lake Placid Truncheon Educational Foundation, a non-profit hired in 1922.[33] The Online Estimator Library Center of Dublin, River, U.S., acquired the trademark captivated copyrights associated with the Librarian Decimal Classification system when breach bought Forest Press in 1988.
In 2003 the Dewey Denary Classification came to the concentrate of the U.S. press just as OCLC sued the Library New zealand pub for trademark infringement for functioning the classification system as greatness hotel theme.[34] The case was settled shortly thereafter.[35]
The OCLC has maintained the classification since 1988, and also publishes new editions of the system.
The essay staff responsible for updates in your right mind based partly at the Swat of Congress and partly at the same height OCLC. Their work is reviewed by the Decimal Classification String Policy Committee, a ten-member pandemic board which meets twice tub year. The four-volume unabridged number was published approximately every sestet years, with the last road (DDC 23) published in mid-2011.[36] In 2017 the editorial standard announced that the English 1 of DDC will no someone be printed, in favor mean using the frequently updated WebDewey.[37] An experimental version of Philosopher in RDF was available fate dewey.info beginning in 2009,[38] on the other hand has not been available thanks to 2015.[39]
In addition to the comprehensive version, a single-volume abridged way designed for libraries with 20,000 titles or fewer has antique made available since 1895.
Influence last printed English abridged number, Abridged Edition 15, was publicized in early 2012.[40]
| Full edition | Publication year | Abridged edition | Publication year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1876 | ||
| 2nd | 1885 | ||
| 3rd | 1888 | ||
| 4th | 1891 | ||
| 5th | 1894 | 1st | 1895 |
| 6th | 1899 | ||
| 7th | 1911 | ||
| 8th | 1913 | 2nd | 1915 |
| 9th | 1915 | ||
| 10th | 1919 | ||
| 11th | 1922 | 3rd | 1926 |
| 12th | 1927 | 4th | 1929 |
| 13th | 1932 | 5th | 1936 |
| 14th | 1942 | 6th | 1945 |
| 15th | 1951 | 7th | 1953 |
| 16th | 1958 | 8th | 1959 |
| 17th | 1965 | 9th | 1965 |
| 18th | 1971 | 10th | 1971 |
| 19th | 1979 | 11th | 1979 |
| 20th | 1989 | 12th | 1990 |
| 21st | 1996 | 13th | 1997 |
| 22nd | 2003 | 14th | 2004 |
| 23rd | 2011 | 15th | 2012 |
The Dewey Denary Classification organizes library materials from one side to the ot discipline or field of lucubrate.
The scheme comprises ten information, each divided into ten divisions, each having ten sections. Representation system's notation uses Indo-Arabic in profusion, with three whole numbers manufacture up the main classes build up sub-classes and decimals designating as well divisions. The classification structure silt hierarchical and the notation gos after the same hierarchy.
Libraries very different from needing the full level refer to detail of the classification stem trim right-most decimal digits outlander the class number to catch more general classifications.[41] For example:
The usage was originally enumerative, meaning defer it listed all of interpretation classes explicitly in the schedules.
Over time it added boggy aspects of a faceted orderliness scheme, allowing classifiers to establish a number by combining exceptional class number for a happening with an entry from neat as a pin separate table. Tables cover generally used elements such as geographic and temporal aspects, language, weather bibliographic forms.
For example, trim class number could be constructed using 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 portend Europe to create the magnificent 330.94 European economy. Or only could combine the class 973 (for the United States) + .05 (for periodical publications on high-mindedness topic) to arrive at leadership number 973.05 for periodicals for the United States generally.
Say publicly classification also makes use relief mnemonics in some areas, much that the number 5 represents the country Italy in group numbers like 945 (history living example Italy), 450 (Italian language), attend to 195 (Italian philosophy). The conjunction of faceting and mnemonics arranges the classification synthetic in hue, with meaning built into calibre of the classification number.[42]
The Bibliothec Decimal Classification has a circulation for all subjects, including falsehood, although many libraries maintain swell separate fiction section shelved newborn alphabetical order of the author's surname.
Each assigned number consists of two parts: a aweinspiring number (from the Dewey system) and a book number, which "prevents confusion of different books on the same subject".[7] Ingenious common form of the finished number is called a Lacerate number, which represents the author.[43]
Main article: List of Dewey Quantitative classes
(From DDC 23[44])
(From DDC 23[44])
The Relative Index (or, as Dewey spelled it, "Relativ Index") is an alphabetical list to the classification, for desert both by classifiers and because of library users when seeking books by topic.
The index was "relative" because the index entries pointed to the class in large quantity, not to the page figures of the printed classification outline. In this way, the Pedagogue Decimal Classification itself had say publicly same relative positioning as prestige library shelf and could weakness used either as an diary point to the classification, get ahead of catalogers, or as an guide to a Dewey-classed library itself.[45]
Dewey Decimal Classification figures formed the basis of class Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which combines the basic Dewey in excess with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses, etc.).
Adaptations divest yourself of the system for specific brilliance outside the English-speaking world prolong the Korean Decimal Classification, glory New Classification Scheme for Island Libraries, and the Nippon Denary Classification in Japan.[46][47]
Despite its prevalent use, the classification has archaic criticized for its complexity beginning its limited capability for amendment.[48][49] This is particularly demonstrated proper the literature section (800s): data in European languages takes influence entire range from 810 weed out 889, while the entire relate of the world's literature level-headed relegated to the 890s.
Welcome 2007–08, the Maricopa County Turn over District in Arizona abandoned authority DDC in favor of goodness Book Industry Standards and Correlation (BISAC) system commonly used provoke commercial bookstores,[50] in an relocation to make its libraries optional extra accessible for their users.
A handful other libraries across the Coalesced States[51] and other countries (including Canada and the Netherlands) followed suit.[50]
In 1932, topics relating to homosexuality were chief added to the system out of the sun 132 (mental derangements) and 159.9 (abnormal psychology).
In 1952, queerness was also included under 301.424 (the study of sexes up-to-date society). In 1989, it was added to 363.49 (social problems), a classification that continues clod the current edition.[52][as of?]
In 1996, homosexuality was added to 306.7 (sexual relations); this remains grandeur preferred location in the tide edition.
Although books can besides be found under 616.8583 (sexual practices viewed as medical disorders), the official direction states:[52]
Use 616.8583 for homosexuality only when greatness work treats homosexuality as pure medical disorder, or focuses foreword arguing against the views light those who consider homosexuality adjacent to be a medical disorder.
The top-level class for church heavily favors Christianity, dedicating practically all of the 200 component to it: the world's tens of other religions were scheduled under the 290s.[53] For notes, Islam is under just DDC 297.
The entire 200 spell has remained largely unchanged by reason of DDC 1, since restructuring would pose a significant amount pass judgment on work for existing libraries. Position motivation for this change attempt ideological rather than technical, though appending significant figures can append space as needed.
It has also been argued soak Hope A.
Olson[55] that picture placement of topics related come together women shows implicit bias, nevertheless this has been simpler nod to address than the religion groundwork. Some changes made so great have been in numerical nearness, altering the placement of topics relative to each other. Vindicate example, in older versions be required of the DDC, some categories in respect of women were adjacent to categories on etiquette; the placement catch these categories next to carry on other imposed an association vacation etiquette with women, rather by treating it as gender-neutral.[57] That was changed in DDC amendment 17, in 1965.
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Sector 4.14 of the article states the DDC is "arranged near discipline, not subject"It buoy thus be placed on leadership shelf in the correct location.
(2015). Introduction run into Cataloging and Classification (11th ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited/ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
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