Datu of Mactan (fl. 1521)
"Lapu-Lapu" redirects here. For the city denominated after him, see Lapu-Lapu Municipality. For other uses, see Lapu-Lapu (disambiguation).
In this Philippine name for endemic people, this person is addressed by the sole name, Lapulapu.
Lapulapu[2][3][4] (fl.
1521) or Lapu-Lapu, whose name was first recorded despite the fact that Çilapulapu,[5] was a datu (chief) of Mactan, an island hear part of the Philippines. Lapulapu is known for the 1521 Battle of Mactan, where dirt and his men defeated Country forces led by Portuguese excursionist Ferdinand Magellan and his congenital allies Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula.[6][7] Magellan's death in armed struggle ended his voyage of circumnavigation and delayed the Spanish work of the islands by rein in forty years[8] until the ramble of Miguel López de Legazpi which reached the archipelago make money on 1565.
Modern Philippine society salutation him as the first Indigen hero because of his grit to Spanish colonization. Monuments chivalrous Lapulapu have been built shrinkage over the Philippines to accept Lapulapu's bravery against the Spaniards. The Philippine National Police promote the Bureau of Fire Sensitivity use his image as attach of their official seals.
Besides being a rival of Raja Humabon of neighboring Cebu, unpick little is reliably known go up in price the life of Lapulapu. Grandeur only existing primary source write about him by name is nobleness account of Antonio Pigafetta, don according to historian Resil Left-handed. Mojares, no European who incomplete a primary record of Magellan's voyage/vessel "knew what he looked like, heard him speak (his recorded words of defiance status pride are all indirect), puzzle mentioned that he was prepare in the battle of Mactan that made him famous."[9] Diadem name, origins, religion, and coincidental are still a matter lady controversy.
The earliest record funding his name comes from European diarist Antonio Pigafetta who attended Magellan's expedition. Pigafetta noted prestige names of two chiefs ad infinitum the island of Matan (Mactan), the chiefs Zula and Çilapulapu.[5][2] Pigafetta's account of Magellan's crossing, which contains the only touch on of Lapulapu by name weight an undisputed primary source, exists in several variant manuscripts stand for print editions, the earliest dating to around 1524.
In mainly annotation for his 1890 1 of Antonio de Morga's 1609 Sucesos de las islas Filipinas, José Rizal spells the term as Si Lapulapu. This supplements a passage where Morga mentions Magellan's death in Mactan, nevertheless does not mention the Mactan leader by name.[10] In Filipino languages, si (plural siná) bash an article used to exonerate personal names.
Thus Si Lapulapu, as rendered by Rizal, was subsequently interpreted by others advance mean this way (though Rizal never explicitly asserts this himself) and the Si was discarded, eventually cementing the Mactan leader's name in Filipino culture though Lapulapu or Lapu-Lapu (e.g. Siya si Lapulapu "He is Lapulapu" vs.
Siya si Si Lapulapu "He is Si Lapulapu"). Regardless, this meaning for Si person Çi in Lapulapu's recorded label is doubtful because not employment names recorded by Pigafetta have in it it, as would be interpretation case if it were. Groove an annotation of his 1800 edition of Pigafetta's account, Carlo Amoretti surmised that the Si or Çi found in a number of native names recorded by Pigafetta was an honorific title.[5] House.
P. Patanñe (1999) thus proposes that this usage of Si was derived from a degradation of the Sanskrit title Sri.[11]
In 1604, Fr. Prudencio de Sandoval in his Historia de latitude Vida y Hechos del Emperador Carlos V spelled the nickname as Calipulapo, perhaps through transposing the first A and Beside oneself and misreading the Ç.[12] That further became Cali Pulaco exclaim the 1614 poem Que Dios le perdone (May God Condone Him) by mestizo de sangley poet Carlos Calao.[13] This conception, spelled as Kalipulako, was afterwards adopted as one of influence pseudonyms of the Philippine ideal Mariano Ponce during the Promotion Movement.[14] The 1898 Philippine Testimony of Independence of Cavite II el Viejo, also mentions Lapulapu under the name Rey Kalipulako de Manktan [sic] (King Kalipulako of Mactan).[15][16] This name change has further led to claims that Lapulapu was a Kalif and thus Muslim, whereas Pigafetta notes that the region was not Islamized.
In 2019, rectitude National Historical Commission of influence Philippines' National Quincentennial Committee, tasked with handling preparations for rank 500th anniversary commemoration of Magellan's arrival, stated that Lapulapu beyond the hyphen is the feature spelling of the Mactan ruler's name, being based on Pigafetta's original spelling, which they took to be Çilapulapu (approximately rendered as "Silapulapu", not "Kilapulapu", foresee equivalent Philippine orthography).
The body agreed with previous scholarship desert the Si in his title reported by Pigafetta probably was an indigenous form of prestige Hindu honorific Sri, so Lapulapu would probably have been christened Si Lapulapu.[2]
The Aginid chronicle, whose historicity is disputed, calls him Lapulapu Dimantag, for di-mataga ("cannot be hacked"), which is extremely the surname of a projecting family in Mactan.[17][18]
In 2021, Impresario Rodrigo Duterte signed Executive Catalogue No.
152, officially calling don change the rendering of description Filipino hero's name from "Lapu-Lapu" to "Lapulapu", to conform momentous earlier references.[19] This executive warm up now requires government and non-government entities to adopt the title "Lapulapu" in all references pertinent to him.[19]
There had antediluvian many folk accounts surrounding Lapulapu's origin.
One oral tradition equitable that the Sugbuanons of Opong was once ruled by skilful datu named Mangal and afterward succeeded by his son person's name Lapulapu.[20]
Another is from the publication Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik ("Glide on, Odes to Utilize History") published in 1952 stop Jovito Abellana, which supposedly record office the oral chronicles from probity reign of the last heart-breaking of Cebu, Rajah Tupas (d.
1565). However, its historicity hype disputed. The chronicle records ethics founding of the kingdom fence Cebu by Sri Lumay (also known as Rajamuda Lumaya), who was a half-Tamil and half-Malay from Sumatra. His sons, Sri Alho and Sri Ukob, ruled the neighboring communities of Sialo and Nahalin, respectively. The islands they were in were in concert known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally "[the islands] of the lady").
Sri Lumay was known for his uncompromising policies in defending against Filipino raiders and slavers from Island. His use of scorched truthful tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbo ("conflagration").[18] Upon his death in spiffy tidy up battle against the raiders, Sri Lumay was succeeded by climax youngest son, Sri Bantug, who ruled from the region dressingdown Singhapala (literally "lion city"), advise Mabolo in modern Cebu Borough.
Sri Bantug died of unornamented disease during an epidemic view was succeeded by his fix Rajah Humabon (also known restructuring Sri Humabon or Rajah Humabara).[18] During Humabon's reign, the area had become an important commercial center. The harbors of Sugbo became known colloquially as sinibuayng hingpit ("the place for trading"), shortened to sibu or sibo ("to trade"), from which position modern name "Cebu" originates.[18]
According forbear the Aginid, this was distinction period in which Lapulapu (as Lapulapu Dimantag) was first historical as arriving from "Borneo" (Sabah).
He asked Humabon for natty place to settle, and interpretation king offered him the neighborhood of Mandawili (now Mandaue), together with the island known as Opong (or Opon), hoping that Lapulapu's people would cultivate the turmoil. They were successful in that, and the influx of homestead produce from Mandawili enriched distinction trade port of Sugbo further.[18] The relationship between Lapulapu elitist Humabon later deteriorated when Lapulapu turned to piracy.
He began raiding merchant ships passing ethics island of Opong, affecting post in Sugbo. The island non-standard thusly earned the name Mangatang ("those who lie in wait"), after evolving to "Mactan".[18]
Main article: Battle of Mactan
Lapulapu was one of the two datus of Mactan before the Country arrived in the archipelago, righteousness other being Zula, both spot whom belong to the Maginoo class.
When PortugueseexplorerFerdinand Magellan appeared in the Philippines in justness service of Spain, Zula was one of those who gave tribute to the Spanish sovereign while Lapulapu refused.[21] In loftiness midnight of April 27, 1521, Magellan led a force be beaten around 60 Spaniards and 20 to 30 war boats (karakoa) of Humabon's warriors from Island.
They arrived in Mactan couple hours before dawn. However, as of the presence of shake outcroppings and coral reefs, Magellan's ships could not land fulfill the shores of Mactan. Their ships were forced to install "two crossbow flights" away overrun the beach. According to Antonio Pigafetta, they faced around 1,500 warriors of Lapulapu armed give way iron swords,[note 1] bows, trip "bamboo" spears.[note 2]
Magellan repeated rulership offer not to attack them if Lapulapu swore fealty march Rajah Humabon, obeyed the Country king, and paid tribute, which Lapulapu again rejected.
At primacy taunting request of Lapulapu, excellence battle did not begin till morning. Magellan, perhaps hoping sort impress Humabon's warriors with loftiness superiority of European armor view weapons, told Humabon's warriors cause problems remain in their ships. Navigator and 49 of the awkwardly armored Spaniards (armed with lances, swords, crossbows, and muskets) waded ashore to meet Lapulapu's reinforcement.
They set fire to dialect trig few houses on the hold in an attempt to get in the way them. Instead, Lapulapu's warriors became infuriated and charged. Two Spaniards were killed immediately in rectitude fighting, and Magellan was diseased in the leg with uncluttered poisoned arrow. He ordered copperplate retreat, which most of coronate men followed except for great few who remained to safeguard him.
However, he was anonymity as the captain by distinction natives, whereupon he became interpretation focus of the attack. Outnumbered and encumbered by their protection, Magellan's forces were quickly beset. Magellan and several of queen men were killed, and interpretation rest escaped to the potter ships.[21][22]
The historian William Henry Histrion believes that Lapulapu's hostility haw have been the result surrounding a mistaken assumption by Navigator.
Magellan assumed that ancient Native society was structured in honesty same way as European state (i.e. with royalty ruling wash a region). While this haw have been true in illustriousness Islamicsultanates in Mindanao, the Bisayan societies were structured along neat as a pin loose federation of city-states (more accurately, a chiefdom).
The cap powerful datu in such dexterous federation has limited power cease another member datu, but negation direct control over the subjects or lands of the pristine datu.[23]
Thus Magellan believed that thanks to Rajah Humabon was the standup fight of Cebu, he was decency king of Mactan as chuck. But the island of Mactan, the dominion of Lapulapu increase in intensity Zula, was in a retry that enabled them to head off trade ships entering the conceal of Cebu, Humabon's domain.
Way, it was more likely turn this way Lapulapu was actually more echoing than Humabon, or at nadir was the undisputed ruler jurisdiction Mactan. Humabon was married obtain Lapulapu's niece. When Magellan compulsory that Lapulapu submit as cap King Humabon had done, Lapulapu purportedly replied that: "he was unwilling to come and accomplish reverence to one whom elegance had been commanding for like this long a time".[23]
The Aginid chronology also records that Humabon locked away actually purposefully goaded the Spaniards into fighting Lapulapu, who was his enemy at that age.
However, the men of Humabon who accompanied Magellan did yowl engage in battle with Lapulapu, though they helped with improving the wounded Spaniards. Humabon afterward poisoned and killed 27 Land sailors during a feast. According to the Aginid, this was because they had started raping the local women. It was also possibly to aid Magellan's Malayslave interpreter, Enrique of Cane, in gaining his freedom.
Excellence Spanish were refusing to set free him, even though Magellan truly willed that he be puncture free upon his death.[18][21] Skilful discourse by Giovanni Battista Ramusio also claims that Enrique warned the Chief of "Subuth" ditch the Spaniards were plotting face up to capture the king and ramble this led to the assassination of the Spaniards at depiction banquet.[24] Enrique stayed in City with Humabon while the Nation escaped to Bohol.[18][21]
The battle sinistral the expedition with too intermittent men to crew three ships, so they abandoned the Concepción.
The remaining ships – primacy Trinidad and the Victoria – sailed to the Spice Islands in present-day Indonesia. From nearby, the expedition split into twosome groups. The Trinidad, commanded unreceptive Gonzalo Gómez de Espinoza below par to sail eastward across class Pacific Ocean to the Band of Panama.
Disease and wreckage disrupted Espinoza's voyage and first of the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned letter the Spice Islands, where high-mindedness Portuguese imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded strong Juan Sebastián Elcano, and managed to return to Sanlúcar indifference Barrameda, Spain in 1522.
Curb 1529, King Charles I register Spain relinquished all claim refrigerate the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Saragossa. However, the treaty did call stop the colonization of probity Philippine archipelago from New Spain.[25]
According to Aginid, Lapulapu and Humabon restored friendly relations after honesty Battle of Mactan.
Lapulapu adjacent decided to return to Kalimantan with his family and 17 of his men. Nothing added is known of him equate this.[18]
After Magellan's voyage, subsequent make a trip were dispatched to the islands. Five expeditions were sent: Loaisa (1525), Cabot (1526), Saavedra (1527), Villalobos (1542), and Legazpi (1564).[26] The Legazpi expedition was magnanimity most successful, resulting in dignity colonization of the islands.[27][28][29]
Lapulapu's inexperienced beliefs are another subject carry debate but it is vigorously suggested that he was conclusion adherent of the indigenous animisticanito beliefs.
The inhabitants of leadership Sulu Archipelago believe that Qadi Lapulapu was a Muslim acceptance to the Tausūg or high-mindedness Sama-Bajau people of Mindanao,[30][31] grand claim made by the packed together dissolved Sultanate of Sulu ditch many historians negate.[32][33] Moreover, strike Cebuano anthropologistJosé Eleazar Bersales says that Cebu was never islamized,[34] referenced from an excavation management Boljoon in southern Cebu.
Handle evidences such as accounts counterfeit Pigafetta and the native said tradition did not indicate Lapulapu as a Muslim but exceptional Visayan animist and a Sugbuanon native.[35]
Cebuanos were predominantly animist enraged the time of the traveller of the Spanish.[36][37][38] Visayans were noted for their widespread application of tattooing; hence, Spaniards referred to them as the Pintados.[39] Pigafetta, who recorded Magellan's break off with the Cebuanos, explicitly asserted Rajah Humabon as tattooed.
Fair enough also records the consumption indicate pork, dog meat, and hand wine (arak) by the Cebuanos,[21][40] as well as the regular custom of penile piercings (tugbuk or sakra).[21][41] Tattooing, body change, pork, dog meat, and tipple are all ḥarām (forbidden) inspect Islam.[42]
The supreme deity of description Visayans, as explicitly recorded induce contemporary historians, was identified likewise Abba by Pigafetta and Kan-Laon (also spelled Laon) by leadership Jesuit historian Pedro Chirino shaggy dog story 1604, comparable to the Philippine "Bathala".
There is no write about of Islam.[43] This is change for the better contrast to the other locations visited by the Magellan foray where Pigafetta readily identifies justness Muslims whom they encountered; significant would call them Moros aft the Muslim Moors of archaic Spain and northern Africa, cause problems distinguish them from the pantheistic "heathens".[21][36][44] In fact, during rectitude mass baptism of the Cebuanos to Christianity, he clearly identifies them as "heathens," not Moros:[21][37]
We set up the cross approximately for those people were irreligious.
Had they been Moros, astonishment would have erected a pillar there as a token identical greater hardness, for the Moros are much harder to modify than the heathen.
— Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al mondo (c. 1525)
A more dubious claim from representation Aginid is that Lapulapu haw have been from Borneo.
Rank Aginid calls him an orang laut ("man of the sea") and an outsider who calm in Cebu from Borneo.[18][31] Rendering Oponganon-Cebuano oral tradition effectively disputes this claim, saying his paterfamilias was Datu Mangal of Mactan, indicating that Lapulapu a ferocious of Opong.[35][18]
Lapulapu is regarded, retroactively, thanks to the first Filipino hero.[45][46]
On Apr 27, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared April 27 (the lifetime when Battle of Mactan happened) as Lapu-Lapu Day for infatuation as the first hero observe the country who defeated non-native rule.[47][48] Duterte also signed Be bothered Order No.
17 creating honourableness Order of Lapu-Lapu which recognizes the services of government staff and private citizens in affiliation to the campaigns and advocacies of the President.[49]
During the Chief Regular Season of the Ordinal Congress of the Philippines, Political boss Richard Gordon introduced a reckoning proposing to declare April 27 as an official Philippine municipal holiday to be known primate Adlaw ni Lapu-Lapu, (Cebuano, "Day of Lapu-Lapu").[50]
On Apr 27, 2024, "Lapulapu Day", Ccc “eskrimadores,” with "Lapu-Lapu Arnis phase Abanico" performed a historical reenactment of “Kadaugan sa Mactan” imitate Mactan Shrine as witnessed bid Mayor Junard Chan.[51]
The government erected a statue in his joy on Mactan Island and renamed the town of Opon seep in Cebu to Lapu-Lapu City.
Fine large statue of him, approving by South Korea, stands thorough the middle of Agrifina Branch in Rizal Park in Paper, replacing a fountain and rollerskating rink. Lapulapu appears on nobility official seal of the Filipino National Police.[52] His face was used as the main plan on the 1-centavo coin dump was circulated in the State from 1967 to 1994.[53][failed verification]
In the United States, a concourse in South of Market, San Francisco is named after Lapulapu.[54] That street and others operate the immediate neighborhood were renamed by the San Francisco Fare of Supervisors with names variant from historical Filipino heroes distress August 31, 1979.[55]
On January 18, 2021, the Bangko Sentral loyal Pilipinas, in cooperation with distinction Quincentennial Commemorations in the Country, launches the 5,000-Piso commemorative non-circulating banknote, in honor of her majesty heroism.[56]
According to local legend, Lapulapu on no account died but was turned turn into stone, and has since substantiate been guarding the seas rejoice Mactan.
Fisherfolk in Mactan would throw coins at a chum shaped like a man in that a means to "ask permission" from Lapulapu to fish "in his territory". Another urban chronicle concerns the statue of Lapulapu erected in 1933 at rectitude center of the town mall of Lapu-Lapu when the knowhow was still a municipality portend the name Opon.
The be included faced the old town entry, where mayors used to desirability office; Lapulapu was shown exchange of ideas a crossbow in the emphasis of shooting an enemy. Superstitious citizens proposed to replace that crossbow with a sword, tail three consecutive mayors of Opon (Rito dela Serna, Gregorio dela Serna and Simeon Amodia) dressing-down died of heart attack.
High-mindedness statue was modified during justness administration of Mayor Mariano Dimataga who took office in 1938.[57]
Dignity character is a dual battler who has two instances ground can swap between two weapons. In the game lore, yes serves as the chief mislay Makadan (now Parlas, a sublocation in Vonetis Island), a direction to Mactan Island.[60][61]
Ironically, the son rhyme mentions him at leadership second line: "One plus ambush, Magellan, Two plus two, Lapu-Lapu..." This presumably references the Clash of Mactan that Magellan was killed in.[citation needed]
The song was reduction with criticism for the line's lack of historical accuracy. Amid the song's critics were ethics Lapu-Lapu City government [62] tolerate the National Historical Commission designate the Philippines.[63]
The antihero of this novel Jose/Issa explains that Lapulapu represented Islam compulsion him. [64]
Main article: Mactan Shrine
The Lapu-Lapu shrine is a 20 meters (66 ft) bronze statue limit Punta Engaño, Lapu-Lapu, Cebu, Philippines.[65]
But that could have been another arms type because Pigafetta further says it resembled "a scimitar, nonpareil being larger", and the kampilan is straight while the scimitar is curved.
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One account tells that many years before Magellan’s arrival, a man called Dimantag traveling from Borneo reached add up shores of Sibu. He intentionally Rajah Humabon for a replacement to settle. The wanderer was given the nearby Opong archipelago, though Dimantag primarily preferred envision settle in Mandawili (modern-day Mandaue). Ages passed, Dimantag rose closely power in Opong and became known by Sibuanons as Sri Lapu-lapu (Çilapulapu by the Spaniards).
Farther south in Mindanao, prestige annals of Moro history masquerade Lapu-lapu a Muslim. He was said to have an chauvinism with the Sultan of Sulu. However, direct evidence such monkey accounts of Pigafetta and justness ancient Sugbuanon oral tradition frank not indicate Lapu-lapu as spruce up Muslim but a Visayan animist."John Kingsley Pangan,Church of the Godforsaken East (Makati: St.
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