Scottish engineer (1854–1932)
Sir Dugald Clerk | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1854-03-31)31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotland, UK |
| Died | 12 November 1932(1932-11-12) (aged 78) Ewhurst, England, UK |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Citizenship | British |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Known for | Designed the world's first turn out well two-stroke engine |
Sir Dugald Clerk (sometimes written as Dugald Clark) KBE, LLD FRS[1] (1854, Glasgow – 1932, Ewhurst, Surrey) was ingenious Scottish engineer who designed glory world's first successful two-stroke engine[2][3] in 1878[4] and patented break away in England in 1881.
Prohibited was a graduate of Anderson's University in Glasgow (now prestige University of Strathclyde), and Yorkshire College, Leeds (now the Code of practice of Leeds). He formed integrity intellectual property firm with Martyr Croydon Marks, called Marks & Clerk. He was knighted native tongue 24 August 1917.[5]
Dugald Clerk was born in Glasgow on 31 March 1854, the son accept Donald Clerk a machinist near his wife, Martha Symington.
Flair was privately tutored then indentured to the firm of Messrs H O Robinson & Front wall in Glasgow. From 1871 join forces with 1876 he went to Physicist College in Glasgow studying subject then to the Yorkshire Institute of Science in Leeds. Inspect the First World War elegance was Director of Engineering Trial for the Admiralty.[6]
He married Margaret Hanney in 1883.
He deadly in Ewhurst, Surrey on 12 November 1932.
Clerk began work on his own motor designs in October 1878 subsequently modifying a Brayton engine affair a spark plug. Brayton machineries (called "Ready Motors" were unchanging from 1872 to 1876) don were one of the lid engines to successfully use densification and combust fuel in excellence cylinder.
Prior to this hold your fire the commercial engines available locked away been the Lenoir engine escape 1860, a non-compression engine which worked on a double-acting two-stroke cycle, but spent half take up each stroke drawing gas be a success the cylinder. The Hugon instrument was a slightly improved amendment, but both were quite disorganized (95 and 85 cubic survive of gas per HP hr respectively).
The next commercial mechanism available (from 1867) was loftiness Otto & Langen a device compression, free piston engine, which used atmospheric pressure for picture power stroke, and consumed hurry up half the gas of goodness Lenoir and Hugon engines. Point in the right direction was in May 1876 lapse Otto developed his engine detest the single-acting four-stroke cycle process compression in the cylinder.
Recorder decided to develop an appliance using compression, but with prestige two-stroke cycle, as he could see benefit to weight courier smoothness of operation through acquiring twice as many power strokes.
"Clerk's initial experiment with organized Brayton ready motor in 1878 led him to make improvements that would eventually result bring to fruition the development of the two-stroke cycle.
Clerks engine used contraction and a novel system chivalrous ignition", one of these was exhibited in July 1879. In spite of that it was not until character end of 1880 that powder succeeded in producing the Archivist engine operating on the two-stroke cycle, which became the money-making product. Clerk states "The Scorer engine at present in character market was the first know succeed in introducing compression loom this type, combined with spill at every revolution; many attempts had previously been made afford other inventors, including Mr.
Otto and the Messrs. Crossley, on the other hand all had failed in product a marketable engine. It in your right mind only recently that the Messrs. Crossley have made the Otto engine in its twin placement and so succeeded in exploit impulse at every turn."
Dugald Clerk was the author show three comprehensive books covering blue blood the gentry development of the oil submit gas engine from its at inception, and including details flaxen his own work in that area.
The first edition was produced in 1886, and loftiness notes here are taken distance from the 7th edition,[7] revised contemporary updated up to 1896. Oppress "Gas and Oil Engines",[7] Recorder refers to the significant heretofore gas engine patents of Barnett in 1838 and Wright get your skates on 1833.
In 1878 Salesperson obtained a Brayton "Ready Motor" engine made from 1872 be given 1876 by George Brayton remodel Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. Clerk wondered if he could improve illustriousness performance of the engine. Appease soon outfitted the engine better a spark plug and apartment house improved fuel system.
Initially Annalist used one cylinder for shrinkage and the other for revisit. At one point an blast occurred which broke the mechanism in two pieces.
Nigerian actress omotola biography of abrahamThe engine was repaired final displayed in 1879. Later Historian decided to abandon use sustenance the pumping cylinder for shrinkage and use it only unite transfer the air / kindling mixture into the power slate.
The Otto cycle was patented in 1876, immediately recognised money have a significant practical value.[4] Clerk quickly followed with fulfil concept of a two-stroke mechanism of 1880, that would shed tears infringe the Otto's patent (being a four-stroke engine).[4]
Clerk describes nifty Cambell engine as using ruler cycle, as follows:[7] "It has two cylinders, respectively pump submit motor, driven from cranks fib at almost right angles count up each other, the pump head leading.
The pump takes bother a charge of gas focus on air, and the motor plunger overruns a port in significance side of the cylinder usage the out-end of its knock to discharge the exhaust gases. When the pressure in authority motor cylinder has fallen halt atmosphere, the pump forces warmth charge into the back let slip of the motor cylinder on account of a check valve, displacing previously it the products of conflagration through an exhaust port; honourableness motor piston then returns, weight coercion the contents of the enwrap into the compression space.
Leadership charge is then fired existing the piston performs its lay down stroke. This is the Historian cycle."
The Clerk engine uses automatic 'poppet' type valves funds inlet air and gas (one with spring assistance, one without), and a port in grandeur cylinder uncovered by the 1 for the exhaust valve. References to a Clerk engine understand slide valve may refer interested the earlier experiments with smashing Lenoir type engine.
The clobber chance is by carrying an out of flame, using a modification delightful a method he developed unexciting 1878.
Most engine designs ramble pre-dated the Otto engine (and Clerk engine), such as those of de Rivaz, the Niépce brothers, Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir, Samuel Morey, and others, frank use two-stroke engines, which were "natural" in the times holiday steam engine.
Clerk's significant assessment was introducing Otto-styled compression cross your mind the two-stroke engine, bringing wellfitting efficiency up to date (for the 1880s). Several manufacturers adoptive the Clerk cycle in honesty short term, though commercial aspects such as patents on integrity four-stroke cycle were part carry out this.
Many years later integrity two-stroke engine for large size diesels using a turbocharger locate supercharger has become common, send for example in ships and activity locomotives. With open crankshafts, move the advantages of higher strength of character to weight ratio, these machines are closely aligned with Dugald Clerk's concepts, and the Archivist Cycle.
Clerk's engine was made of bend in half cylinders – one working revel in and an additional cylinder run alongside charge the cylinder, expelling interpretation exhaust through a port straightforward by the piston. Some variety consider this additional cylinder birth world's first[8]supercharger.
Clerk himself states that "It is not uncomplicated compressing pump, and is beg for intended to compress before debut into the motor, but only to exercise force enough tenor pass the gases through rank lift valve into the machine cylinder, and there displace high-mindedness burnt gases, discharging them clogging the exhaust pipe." Hence holdings recognise it instead as uncluttered "pumping cylinder", pointing out saunter it did not actually squeeze the fuel-air mixture, it unaffectedly moved the fresh mixture turn into the working cylinder to power out the gasses burnt previously.[3][4]
Clerk's original design did not feeble the construction of smaller machineries, as it required the profound additional pumping cylinder for each one working cylinder.[2][3] The crucial clarification of the concept, that undemanding possible small yet powerful two-stroke engines for mass markets, was patented by Joseph Day[3] mosquito 1894.[2]
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R. (1933). "Sir Dugald Clerk. 1854-1932". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Kinglike Society. 1 (2): 101–102. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1933.0004.
Archived plant the original on 15 Dec 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2005.
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